Technology Plays Important Role Our Life

Technology plays an important role human’s life and also has developed day by day. Nowadays, the new advanced technology has brought innovations today’s workplaces that has changed working habits and business. However, before most tasks were done by manual labour but now even difficult tasks can be done by modern technology. This essay will explain possible negative and positive effects of technology on the workplace, focusing on de-skilling and requirements of high skills. The new technology which has replaced employees, has increased de-skilling. This means to reduce the need for skill in a job by changing to technology. Robert (2004) points out that employees do not need many experience or ability to work most jobs. Because the new technology could do most tasks instead of them. This may lead to negatively affect employees’ working life. Robert (2004) states that for example, new electronic cash registers which can do nearly everything for customers and clerks such as calculating the cost, reading laser codes so clerks do not need high mathematical skills or experience. He further adds that they just need to know how to swap an item over a red light and put in a shopping bag. Consequently, Robert (2004) asserts that employers might save money by investment in technology as they may reduce employees’ salaries to use new advantages of technology rather than people’s skills. This fact may positive impact on employers. A requirement of high skills has become more important today’s business. The reason of this ever-changing technology, spread of globalization and also the extensive information technology which have provided by internet. This may increase positively the need higher-skilled employees (Herman, 2004). He also points out that in the past, workers did not need high skills. Because typing, manual dexterity, physical strength were enough for the standing of living. However, these days, high skill has required by employers such as advanced written, spoken and mathematical skills as well managing and supervising skills (Herman, 2004). This requirement might result in employees positive or negative. Because it depends on whether they improve their skills. In conclusion, technology continues to develop day by day, In addition to this, working habits and requirements have changed today’s workplace with technology. On the other hand, developing technology has encouraged employees to update their skills. Consequently, employers and employees should follow the technology to improve skills and business.

The Open Method Of Coordination Education Essay

The Open Method of Coordination was introduced at the Lisbon European Council meeting in 2000, and is described as a new policy instrument composed of four nucleus constituents. First, moving in concert, both the Member States and European establishments set fixed guidelines for the EU. Second, there are quantitative and qualitative indexs and benchmarks. Third, guidelines are transferred into domestic policies and policy-objectives, and eventually, besides included in this new policy instrument are common larning procedures such as benchmarking, monitoring and peer reappraisal are present ( see Eberlein and Kerwer 2004:123 ) . The European Employment Strategy ( EES ) , frequently referred to by some faculty members as â€Å" the female parent of the OMC † ( Smismans 2004:2 ) , was established in 1997 merely three old ages before the OMC was born. The EES laid introduced employment issues as a corporate European job and from so on, it has become the basis for the EU function in the coordination of its Member States ‘ employment policies ( Watt 2004:118 ) . Harmonizing to a textual analysis of the EES, employment policy in the EU is a â€Å" mobilisation of human resources † ( Zangle 2004:11 ) and execution of active labor market policies ( ALMPs ) , alternatively of forestalling unemployment. One of the most important constituent and strengths of the OMC and the EES is the possibility it presents for histrions to reciprocally larn from each other ‘s policy ( Goetschy 2004:7 ) . Indeed, â€Å" societal acquisition is an knowing effort to modify the aims or methods of policy in reac tion to old experience and new information. We can believe of policymaking procedure as therefore consisting of three cardinal variables: the cardinal aims that usher policy in a given sphere, the methods or policy instruments used to accomplish those aims and the specific context of these instruments † . In the context of the OMC and EES, the construct of common acquisition consists of such instruments as benchmarking, periodic monitoring, peer reappraisal exercisings and rating. These constructs are introduced to promote the designation and transportation of the ‘best patterns ‘ which are so assumed to take to new policy thoughts, institutional agreements, policy execution and formation of corporate penchants. By take parting in this procedure, member provinces are expected to non merely better their national labor market policies but should besides endeavor to meet towards the employment policy recommendation recommended at the EU degree. Although, the OMC recognizes national diverseness through the development of common acquisition and multi-level administration, nevertheless, the foundation for achieving common convergence is besides present within common aims, benchmarking, and rating and within policy coordination itself. This is precisely what some faculty members have described as an built-in tenseness in the OMC ( see Goetschy 2004 ) . Specifically, there is a contradiction between the accent on the method as a tool giving Member States the freedom to develop at their â€Å" ain gait † , and the of import demand to voyage the procedure of policy alteration in the way of â€Å" convergence towards EU aims † ( Radaelli 2004:14 ) . It is exactly the deduction for the common acquisition procedures in footings of this contradiction that this paper concerns itself with. In the visible radiation of this contradiction, we will try to confirm the premise which reads: the statements between the claims of â €Å" diverseness † and â€Å" convergence † epitomized in the OMC and the EES nowadayss both opportunities and restrictions with respects to the procedure of common acquisition for the Member States.The theoretical deductions of the opportunities and restrictions of Mutual LearningWith the debut of the OMC in to the EU, Mutual acquisition as a construct has attained wholly new intending. From this position it is non merely larning between national authoritiess that counts ( â€Å" horizontal acquisition † ) , but besides there is turning characteristics of perpendicular coordination at EU administration degree, and horizontal and perpendicular acquisition ‘from below ‘ ( â€Å" bottom-up † ) . When observed from the national degrees, the function of the policy larning procedures under the EES, opportunities and restrictions of their execution can be viewed from different theoretical point of views. One may get down at the macro-theoretical degree deducing and clarifying policy transportations. For illustration, new institutionalism argues that way dependences limit larning particularly in the visible radiation of the assortment of institutional models and public assistance governments in Europe ( Lodge 2003:18 ) . One may besides get down with the principal-agent and two-level game theories to analyze the complex interaction between member provinces, the civil society and the EU establishments. Buchs ( 2004 ) has applied this attack in his analysis concludes that the function of province in this great game is that of an intermediary between the EU degree and civil society and that larning procedures can be understood by detecting this interaction ( 2004:4 ) . The impression of patriotism can besides be used to assist depict the reluctance of certain member provinces to take part in the policy acquisition procedures and the transportation of policies. from this position â€Å" national pride, reluctance to reassign sovereignty, and the self-pride of the province are of import, histrions dickering both over benchmarking marks, public presentation measuring, and benchmarking consequences † ( Zangle,2004:10 ) . However, in this paper the opportunities and restrictions of the common acquisition procedures will be critically analysed within the horizon of the built-in tenseness between the ‘evidence-based policy doing ‘ and ‘constructive agnosticism ‘ attacks. There is no uncertainty that the vision articulated by the interior decorators of the OMC and the EES consist of both the practical, statistical, direct grounds to hasten learning procedures and their national results, qualitative and quantitative indexs to be used in benchmarking and grander end of accomplishing convergence. Conversely, regard for the national diversenesss, acknowledgment of diversenesss, state of affairss, demands and, the involvements of the Member States are besides incorporated in this new manner of administration. Both opportunities and restrictions are rooted in this twofold and sometimes even contradictory nonsubjective and procedure.‘Evidence-based policy devising ‘The Ã¢â‚¬Ë œevidence-based policy doing ‘ attack is located within the rationalist school of idea which assumes that policy determinations are made between another class of action on the footing of what works in a different topographic point, and in a practical manner. Hence, instead than anchoring policy determinations on political orientation, they are grounded on the empirical grounds collected elsewhere ( Sanderson 2002 ) . so â€Å" it seems to be rational common sense to see policy as a purposive class of action in chase of aims built upon careful appraisal of alternate ways of accomplishing such aims and effectual execution of the selected class of action † ( Sanderson, 2002:5 ) . Consequently, this point of position argues that there are two cardinal types of grounds that are required to better effectual authorities action. First and first, grounds is required which confirms the operational capacity of the different authorities bureaucratic machine in the policy are under optimum public presentation. Second, grounds is required which to advance betterment through more efficient methods and schemes. Whereas in the former grounds is fundamentally required in the signifier of information on different constituents and marks of public presentation ( Sanderson 2002:3 ) . In the later, there is a qualitative difference in that grounds is basically required in the signifier cognition about how good specific policies and patterns work elsewhere, and how the policy intercessions reform societal systems ( ibid. )OpportunitiesThe ‘evidence-oriented policy doing ‘ attack contends that there are four major ways grounds can edify the development and execution of policy. First, determinations about what policy actions to follow in a given policy field can be learned by grounds of the likely effectivity of that policy penchants. Second, grounds collected from antecedently implemented policies maps as a foundation for the prospective deliberations of policy penchants and possibilities. Third, grounds besides plays an of import function in placing non on the most of import jobs in that policy field but besides those jobs that should be accorded the highest precedence in policy intercession. And, eventually, improved cognition about policy jobs and possible policy penchants can assist to affect the concerned stakeholders in a healthy argument about how to put aims ( Sanderson 2002:4 ) . This attack therefore depends on the grounds ( normally quantitative ) that both in theory and pattern determines effectual policy penchants. This positivist attack submits that opportunism ( in this instance attributable to provinces as entities ) and rational behavior might supply solution to public policy jobs. As a consequence, this attack leads to the hypothesis that what works in one province should besides work in other, since there are monolithic statistical and scientific grounds in the field where policymakers can pull valuable lessons from ( Hill 2005:51 ) . The chief drift for looking at old enforced policies and institutional agreements and larning by supervising and rating is because larning is a agency to cut down mistakes ( Radaelli 2004:6 ) . Learning from the experience of others can be more efficient than larning from one ‘s ain experience, since it minimizes the hazard of failures. Therefore, histrions are able and willing to utilize larning within organisational webs under the OMC, as they believe in the possibility of happening a solution for their several jobs within this web, utilizing it as â€Å" radio detection and ranging † ( ibid.7 ) . In add-on, benchmarking entails the comparative measuring of public presentation of one organisation against other organisations, within a defined mark ( Heritier 2002:5 ) . From this position, it suggests comparing member provinces against each other within the employment guidelines and indexs. This procedure, so, can be said to be the learning procedure in pattern, since it entails looking for the ‘best patterns ‘ in order to extinguish the chance of public presentation spreads on eventual acceptance of the policy penchant. Benchmarking can be defined as a â€Å" practical tool for bettering public presentation by larning from best patterns and the procedures by which they are achieved † ( O'Reagain and Keegan in: Schludi 2003 ) . Furthermore, different strand of faculty members define a benchmark in a instead mechanical and rational manner, declaring it to be â€Å" a criterion or point of mention against which things may be compared or assessed † ( ibid 2003 ) . Hence, from this position, benchmarking denotes the comparative rating of public presentation and the obliteration of predominating public presentation spreads, based on qualitative standards.RestrictionsHarmonizing to Graham ( 1999:5. ) , there are â€Å" seven Nemesiss † to ‘evidence-based policy ‘ viz. ; bureaucratic logic, the bottom line, consensus, political relations, civil service civilization, cynicism and clip. First, bureaucratic logic entails that misreading of the current state of affairs and gathered grounds is a impeding factor to any policy development. From this point of position, bureaucratic logic is phrased as â€Å" things are right because they have ever been done this manner † ( ibid. ) and there is no ground to alter it, even if the prevalent manner of policy-making is epistemologically flawed. â€Å" The bottom line † refers to the thought that the effectivity of policies can non be measured by quantitative and quali tative confirmations entirely because in pattern, policy is built on consensus instead than on beyond doubt grounds. Policy in pattern involves an extended procedure of audience carried out to find different involvement and penchants of all concerned histrions, and the bounds of a solution that will fulfill every one of these histrions. A outstanding restraint in the designation of ‘best pattern ‘ is that it does non basically place the suited scheme by which it can be applied to different institutional scene. Even if granted that policy larning consequences to reform, the precise policy transportation might be unsuccessful. Indeed, Dolowitz and Marsh ( 2000 ) , claim that there are some noteworthy factors that cause policy transportation to diverge from the marks set by policy-makers doing the transportation. For illustration, the failure of the importing province to retroflex the transferred policy in conformity with the marks set by policy-makers of the exporting province can be as a consequence of uneducated transportation, particularly if there is non equal information about the policy and how it should operates in another institutional scene. Finally, Dolowitz and Marsh talk about unsuitable policy transportation if adequate attending is non paid to the different economic, societal, political and i nstitutional background in the importing member province.‘Constructive agnosticism ‘For the ‘constructivist agnosticism ‘ attack, given that cognition of the societal universe is non merely socially constructed and culturally every bit good as historically dependent ; cognition and acquisition, and their functions in policy-making are complex issues. Harmonizing to this point of position, policy acquisition and development is understood as a â€Å" procedure of deliberation which considers beliefs, rules and actions under conditions of multiple frames for the account and rating of the societal universe ( Dryzek,16 ) . The rating of the common acquisition procedures can non merely be reduced to a â€Å" proficient exercising † since like all the other facet of the policy-making ; it is conditioned by different penchants, norms, values, and alone institutional backgrounds. Consequently, the rating of any procedures or experience should be based on a communicative and argumentative procedure ( Sanderson 2003:338 ) . As Schwandt contends, there is a demand for â€Å" critical intelligence † which is fundamentally â€Å" the ability to inquiry whether the terminal is deserving accomplishing. It does non name for merely basic cognition of effects, but the willingness and capacity to debate the value of different terminals of a pattern † ( Schwandt in: Sanderson 2003:338 ) . Given that the fluctuations in national fortunes are high, it can be reasoned that non merely â€Å" what counts is what works † , but â€Å" what is appropriate † is besides of import for each spec ific national circumstance. In short, the consideration of the rightness of the agencies and terminals of a policy procedure is of extreme importance ( ibid: 332 ) .OpportunitiesHarmonizing to this position, dependance practical grounds to pull direct policy determination can non be absolute. â€Å" It is recognized that cognition comes in different signifiers † ( Campbell 2002:89 ) , and as such, it is non merely the experts who should play a function in decision-making but besides non experts, since no cognition is a waste. In short, when policy shapers are on the quest to larn lessons â€Å" their ain state ‘s yesteryear is the best topographic point to get down † ( Dolowitz and Marsh 1996:351 ) . By looking back into the historic yesteryear, †actors learn non merely what has worked, but can besides larn and cognize what non to reiterate † . Therefore, cross-national and bottom-up benchmarking has a inclination to uncover the flaws inherent in national policies, circumvent uneffective policies, avoid dearly-won policy bloopers, and challenge those patterns that have seized to be effectual, which in the terminal, increases the legitimacy of policy penchants and policy tools used. The increasing diffusion of thoughts and information is an obvious chance for national policy-makers. It does non needfully imply statistical and scientific confirmations for policy-making, but it can take to the imitation of utile thoughts and determinations at the national degree. It besides entails the airing of corporate linguistic communication, i.e. peculiar look which has specific intending both for the EU development in societal policy and its Member States likewise. Even though academic research on the common policy larning instruments gestate benchmarking, in a instead proficient manner, we argue in this paper that it besides has cognitive and normative values, which can be seen as a chances and possibilities provided by this sort of policy larning to fight for the convergence in end products. â€Å" Benchmarking may help in developing and justifying policy responses that are improbable to be discovered within a member province ‘s prevalent institutional scenes. As a consequence, it may work as an instrument to loosen up the frequently strong way dependence of predominating public assistance province constructions † ( Heinze et al. in: Schludi 2003:13 ) . Given the high extent of national public assistance traditions diversenesss, benchmarking in societal policy at the EU degree should be able to acknowledge these diversenesss and admit its auxiliary value, i.e. it provides the footing for the exchange of ‘best patterns ‘ and experience without the demand to enforce a top-down solution.RestrictionsThe danger and restriction to the acquisition might besides come from a state of affairs, when engagement is neglected and the nucleus of the OMC is formed merely by politicians and experts, therefore, alternatively of ‘opening-up ‘ the procedure, it becomes even more technocratic. â€Å" Negative lesson-drawing † is besides of extreme importance. If common acquisition between member provinces becomes excessively concerted to the extent that sufficient attending is no longer paid to negative lessons or policy failures, it may be wise to pretermit of import alternate solutions and take a more independent critica l expression at benchmarking. Put otherwise, larning is abetted by mistake inasmuch as by success ( Radaelli 2004:26 ) . Therefore, the challenge is to happen a right balance between the co-op and competitory acquisition ( ibid. ) , and by so making, authoritiess may utilize their ‘critical intelligence ‘ and withdraw from policy reforms because of what they have learnt ( Schludi 2003:14 ) .The EES and common acquisitionHaving provided an extended analysis of the theoretical deductions of common acquisition, the paper will now turn to the European Employment Strategy to analyze how the tenseness between the claims of ‘divergence ‘ and ‘convergence ‘ are treated in the OMC and how it influences the Member States cooperation in the EES model. The chief intent of the EES was to set up a legal footing of Community-level action in the employment policy country ( while taking national diverseness in this policy country into history ) , with the specific aim to increase the efficiency of the European Social Model through occupation creative activity and high employment rate. Besides, the EES was built in such a manner that it should work as a accelerator of the best performing national employment policies.4.1 Contradiction between ‘divergence ‘ and ‘convergence ‘ – impact on Member StatesWith respects to the European Council ‘s decisions the co-ordinated employment policy was built on the following. To get down with, the Commission introduces general designs of the finest employment scheme for Member States to follow. Then, after a deliberation with administrative officials from the Member States employment guidelines are established. Additionally, quantitative and quantitative indexs are e stablished to be used in benchmarking. The guidelines in concurrence with the established indexs are what organize the footing of national action programs ( NAPs ) ( Trubek and Mosher 2002 ) , which are so formulated by single Member States. Each Member State has to supply a elaborate history of how it plans to implement the guidelines. Furthermore, the results of the prevalent national employment policy and ‘best patterns ‘ that might function as possible theoretical accounts for other Member States are included ( Zandstra 2004:10 ) . Once the NAPs have been submitted, the committee so prepares so called Employment Package which contains the analysis of the NAPs, specific and general Council recommendations to single member provinces. It is the Council who has the concluding say on the concluding version of the Employment Package ( ibid. ) . Through the usage of equal reappraisal and exchange of good patterns, every member province is straight challenged with the programs and patterns of other member provinces. This so helps to secure the criterions by which to mensurate its ain public presentation ( Trubek and Mosher 2003:77 ) , at the same clip, it besides exerts force per unit area on each member province to endeavor for better results. But the principle behind the recommendations issued by the Council and their aim are progressively being greeted with double feelings from Member States. Groenendijk ( 2004 ) contends that the principle behind the recommendations is nil more than â€Å" appellative and dishonoring † , and that the OMC as a soft power policy-making instrument is at times referred to as a â€Å" ordinance by embarrassment † . Nevertheless, through the recommendations the Member States are besides informed about the built-in defects of their employment policies, and they are in a alone state of affairs to larn new ways of making things or copy new thoughts harmonizing to what they have been recommended. The pick of action still lies with Member States ; nevertheless, the shadow of force per unit area goes on. In the visible radiation of the foregoing, one of the most hard undertakings facing the EES is to happen the relative balance between the force per unit area to exercise on Member States to accomplish the formulated guidelines and still to esteem their diverse national policy agreements ( de la Porte 2002:41 ) . The indexs and guidelines are established in such a manner that a periodic comparative rating of member provinces against each other is carried out. The benchmarking procedure so is grounded on the chosen indexs. â€Å" In the model of OMC, it is the agencies to measure the success of the application of the method, and to set force per unit area on take parting Member State to meet towards jointly defined aims † ( ibid.42 ) . Therefore, the defined standards with respects to different policy constituents, ends and impacts, can be prompted both from the top-down and from the bottom-up attack. Anyways, there is a significant force per unit area for each Member State to a chieve these benchmarks. Many surveies conducted in this country have identified a figure of jobs with respects to the execution of the EES ( see Goetschy 2002 ; Watt 2004 ) . Among other grounds, the expected impacts of common acquisition might non be attained if a figure of stakeholders who are supposed to take part are non take parting. Furthermore, the extended comparative rating of the Member States ‘ public presentation originates from the top-down attack, since they are carried out by the European committee and the Council. Yet, it has been argued that the provinces will conform merely to those corporate ends and recommendations that are of national importance, irrespective of the sum of force per unit area ( de la Porte 2002:43 ) . It is dubious whether there will be common acquisition except the mechanisms integrated in the scheme are implemented and implemented in an effectual manner.Reasoning commentsThis paper adopted two theoretical attacks viz. , ‘evidence-based policy doing ‘ and ‘constructive agnosticism ‘ so as to expose the theoretical deductions sing the chances and restrictions that confronts the EU Member States take parting in the common acquisition. With respects to the execution of the EES, serious attending is paid both to qualitative and quantitative dimensions of common acquisition. This is exemplified in the statements of both the ‘evidence-based policy doing ‘ and its ‘constructive agnosticism ‘ opposite number. From this position, it is the analysis of these theoretical positions that help the geographic expedition of the â€Å" tenseness † portion of the EES and its impact on the policy acquisition processes. Indeed, the necessity to obtain proficient cognition about best patterns elsewhere has to be combined with the application of a â€Å" critical cognition † , rating of the rightness, and reading of the qualitative and quantitative confirmations that relates to the specific national i nstitutional contexts. In add-on, this procedure, as visualised in the design of this policy attack, should be both ‘top-down ‘ and ‘bottom-up ‘ . This so put the capacity of different histrions to prosecute in the acquisition processes into serious uncertainties. The deduction is that member provinces, while voluntarily take parting in common acquisition, are supposed to be on changeless hunt for the ‘best patterns ‘ , to copy or emulate these best patterns in order to better their ain national employment policies. However, there is an component of force per unit area nowadays in the signifier of informal countenances and the equal force per unit area with the purpose to endeavor for the convergence towards the EU ends in this policy country. Therefore, the force per unit area, different agreements of common acquisition, and rational, normative or practical elements they involve, can supply both chances and restrictions for Member States, since t heir national institutional context, degrees of development, and structural aspects are clearly different. This would besides propose that what is seen as a restriction for one Member State, might be a opportunity for another.

Cheap Labor & Violation of Workers Rights Continue to Exist Essay

Abstract This paper explores the way in which sweatshops, cheap labor, and violation of workers rights continues to exist throughout the world. Providing inside information that the average individual might not know about the products they purchase and use everyday. This paper touches on what goes on in these sweatshops, which the most common workers are, and what countries are receiving the lowest wages for their work. Some of the most popular companies who have been recognized as abusers of labor laws are addressed, along with an update on how they’ve fared since being accused. As the paper draws to a close different solutions to stopping this abusing form of labor are revealed. If the average individual were to take a look around their home, one would find all sorts of objects and clothing produced in different areas from all across the globe. Majority of the time, these items are taken for granted and strictly valued depending on what they can do for us. This is quite unfortunate when we take into consideration the conditions most of these objects were manufactured in. It’s very seldom that we picture the blistering hands of the child who slaved over our designer tennis shoes as we slide them on as the finishing piece to that new designer outfit. It is ironic how the things we pay the most for in life are often times produced under the harshest working conditions by individuals paid incredibly low wages. Children and women’s rights are violated day in and day out for these companies to save a couple of dollars, yet we continue to ignore the issue and send our hard earned money to these corrupt companies and corporations. According to dictiona ry.com, a sweatshop is a â€Å"shop employing workers at low wages, for long hours, and under poor conditions† (Collins English Dictionary). Despite the adversity and embarrassment that some of the most popular companies have received for producing their products in sweatshop, cheap labor and exploitation of human rights still remain prevalent. Some  individuals feel that the use of these sweatshops allows for a healthy balance in the economy, or that working for these wages is the best possible option for citizens of third world countries, concluding that we need not tamper with the means of production for the economy’s sake. Many of these ideas are addressed in Arnold D. and N. Bowie’s Sweatshops and Respects for Persons, as they discuss exactly why these allegations or theories are dysfunctional untruths. There are definitely alternatives to sweatshop labor for companies to produce their products. For example in Paron and Reemes’s, â€Å"Beyond Cheap Labor† they propose a solution to these countries’ low wages; â€Å"to justify higher wages in a globalized economy, middle-income na tions must find their comparative advantage† (Paron & Reemes 2005). If these nations find something they can offer, then they can create a job market for their workers, resulting in higher wages. Granted this is a very hard task and may be perceived by many as unachievable, but there is no amount of revenue worth sacrificing our morals or these individuals’ rights as humans. Cheap Labor & Exploitation According to the United States labor law, there are certain wages that must be provided to individuals for performing services; when these laws are violated, there are severe consequences to whoever is deemed responsible (DOL, 2009). Cheap labor is when an individual provides labor for unreasonably low wages, long hours, usually under harsh or extreme working conditions, and many of the female workers are subject to sexual harassment along with all the other violating activity that occurs. Unfortunately, many women and young children are victims to these violations of labor laws for a company’s benefit, all to save a buck. According to Snyder in his article Exploitation and Sweatshop Labor â€Å"The most common understanding of exploitation in the literature on sweatshops interprets exploitation as taking unfair advantage of workers† (Snyder, 1991). The rights of these workers are exploited for economic advancement from both structural and organizational perspectives. The organizational aspect of the exploitation is tied into the market power received by the organizations that exploit these individuals in order to increase profit margin. The structural aspect pertains to exactly where these sweatshops are  located; production warehouses employ large groups of individuals concentrated in certain societies or communities in order to maximize production. The cheap labor provided for businesses through the use of sweatshops is nothing more than a loophole in order to save the companies’ money. It is a complete disregard for human rights, yet people continue to selfishly turn the other cheek on this issue. Violation of Workers’ Rights According to Sweatshops and Third World Living Standards: Are the Jobs Worth the Sweat; Bangladesh workers are bringing in roughly $0.13 an hour, the next lowest is Vietnam at $0.26, followed by China at $0.44 (Powell & Sharbek, 2004). Here are some of the lowest wages in the world, all found in sweatshops: These numbers are well below the minimum wage; the minimum wage required for compensation of work is determined based on the economies output divided by the number of working and non-working people. In fact it is often argued that the minimum wage determined in the U.S isn’t enough for most individuals to survive independently on, especially single parents. In addition to that, sweatshops fail to pay their workers on time for their labor if they pay them at all. Cheap labor is just one of the violating aspects of human rights that takes place in sweatshops. Along with not being properly compensated for the amount of labor the workers produce they also work long excruciating hours. Some workers may work anywhere from eighteen to twenty hour shifts consecutively under hazardous conditions, without breaks for food or water. They work extremely long hours in order to make a wage that isn’t sufficient enough to live on. â€Å"Workers work long hours in which they aren’t compensated for, under unsafe living conditions, and women are often sexually harassed†, there isn’t a single characteristic of a sweatshop that is safe or complies with labor laws and regulations. (Snyder, 1991) Women and children often make up majority of these sweatshop employees; it’s  hard to imagine an adult working sixteen hours under unsafe conditions but sweatshop managers don’t treat these children any differently, nor do they show any sympathy. Women are often sexually assaulted, abused, not paid for their labor, and in many instances stripped of their employee status and forced into servitude. â€Å"Lured by recruiters who promise wonderful opportunities in foreign lands, young women often pay thousands of dollars in recruitment and contract†; after being taken advantage of these women end up working for low wages in order to pay back these huge debts, consequently they become property until they can escape or pay off all the debt, both are highly unlikely (Snyder 1991). Women are treated as if they aren’t human beings, for example: â€Å"In some Indonesian sweatshops, women were forced to take down their pants and reveal to factory doctors that they were menstruating in order to claim their legal right to menstrual-leave† (Morey, 2000). When discussing the cheap labor industry third world countries often come to mind but these same things occur right here in the U.S, † The Department of Labor indicates that 50% of garment factories in the U.S. violate two or more basic labor laws, establishing them as sweatshops†; sweatshops exist when individuals who cant stand up for themselves have their rights taken advantage of (Morey 2000). The Violators Not many people are aware of just how many of our every day items are produced by cheap labor. If one were to take a look around their home they’d be astonished by just how many objects come from sweatshops; there are factories for clothing, technology, furniture and other items that you would never expect. Nike is what comes to mind first when the topic of sweatshop labor is at hand; mainly due to their being accused of producing their shoes and shoes under the air Jordan line in China. Nike claims that all of their factories employees compensation complies with the U.S labor laws and any individual who is interested is welcome to visit any Nike manufacturing shop, however this has yet to happen and their has been no footage released of their  factories. Nike doesn’t own any of its accused sweatshop factories, they pay factory owners and those owners are responsible for paying the workers their wages, not Nike. Many say this is just a loophole to escape labor laws in order save money. When the founder of Nike Phil Knight was asked, â€Å"why doesn’t Nike start its own factories in the U.S† he replied: â€Å" I honestly believe that U.S citizens don’t want to make shoes, they don’t want to do that job† (Jilani, 2011). It’s quite obvious that Nike isn’t interested in the people, Phil Knight and he collogues are strictly focused on maximizing the companies net income, even if that means sacrificing the rights of workers and passing up the opportunity to produce more jobs right here in the U.S. however Nike is the only familiar household name that has suffered from sweatshop accusations. Six years later technologies peoples champion Apple still carries the negative stigma from its labor law violations in its sub-contracted factories. â€Å"More than half of the audits revealed problems, including employees regularly working more than 60 hours a week, underage workers, falsified records, wages below minimum levels, pay withheld as punishment and improper disposal of hazardous waste† (Walters, 2012). The wages and long hours was the least of Apples worries; workers were suffering from severely swollen legs to the point where they could barely walk, being exposed to poisonous chemicals & factory explosions, some were even killed do to these conditions (Walters, 2012). Although Apple received much criticism for producing it’s products in sweatshops under these conditions somehow over the past six years they have managed to become the leader in technology, outselling all competitors. Apple’s ITunes is also the largest music retailor in the U.S, follow ed by Wal-Mart whom is also been accused . This goes to show that this subject isn’t taken serious enough; if so the purchase of Apple products would have drastically decreased. Here is a chart of Apple’s yearly earnings since the unveiling of their sweatshop production (Powell, 2011): If people continue to show that they aren’t concerned with how the products they purchase are produced then companies will continue to manufacture their products by these inhumane means. It’s almost as if these companies need to  be taught a lesson, show them that cheap labor is unacceptable by not purchasing their goods and they will change their methods. There is no reason why Apple should have flourished in such a way after being exposed for its production methods. Sweatshops Effect On the Economy Some Economists feel that without sweatshops many of these workers who are now employed in third world countries would be without work and consequently be worse off then they are working for low wages; â€Å"We find that most sweatshop jobs provide an above average standard of living for their workers† (Powell & Sharbek, 2004). Hypothetically speaking, if one were to assume that this is correct and the standard of living is above average this still doesn’t justify the treatment and conditions these workers endure. Just because an individual has no other choice doesn’t give anyone free reign to destroy all regard for their rights. Cambodia for example has nothing to offer economically, so sweatshops are one of the only choices for many of it’s natives; this wouldn’t be a problem if workers rights were respected and at least received a reasonable wage for the amount of work produced. This would be a great solution to the problem, without ruining compa ny’s production, without violating workers rights, and without disrupting the economy whatsoever. Possible Solutions to the Issue When it comes to the task of stopping sweatshops, cheap labor, and exploitation there are two major methods that can be taken. The first and the most unlikely method to succeed is to place the responsibility on the third world countries economy; second would be for people to refuse to purchase goods or products that have anything to do with sweatshop labor. â€Å"Take the attention off of the low-wage assembly jobs and focus on higher valued jobs and comparative advantages† (Farrell & Paron, 2005); this is a great proposition but we have to take into consideration the likelihood of this happening. We can’t expect third world countries to completely diminish their basic means of employment because it is unrighteous or violates  rights. This is why many economists say that sweatshops provide a better income and living to many individuals who otherwise would be unemployed; however there is an alternative method that poses a huge threat to the sweatshop industry. People can perform a number of actions in order to ensure companies start to produce their products the correct way. The first step is for people to demand sweatshop free products where they shop or not to shop there at all. People can also by union made and second hand products, as well as purchasing fair trade products. The next step is to spread the word and encourage others to do the same until cheap labor is non existent, this wont happen over night but it will show companies that the stigma that comes with producing their products in a sweatshop can ruin business. Conclusion Although over the past decade the use of sweatshop labor by many popular companies has been brought to the light, there has been no action taken by government, nor have people taken it upon themselves to boycott these companies. The excruciating circumstances these individuals work under are hard to stomach yet people continue to turn the cheek on the issue. Stopping this ridiculous treatment won’t be easy, but it can be done if people start to take action but caring is where it must start! Work Cited Skinner, B. E. (2012, March 30). Slaves put squid on dining tables from south pacific. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-23/slaves-put-squid-on-u-s-dining-tables-from- south-pacific-catch.html Powell, B., & Sharbek, D. (2004). Sweatshops and third world living standards: Are the jobs worth the sweat?. Independent Institute , working paper number 53, 1-15. Retrieved from http://www.independent.org/pdf/working_papers/53_sweatshop.pdf Snyder, J. (1991). Exploitation and sweatshop labor: Perspectives and issues. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(2), 187-213. Kristof, N. (2009, January 15). Where sweatshops are a dream. The New York Times, p. 35. Ballinger, J. (2009). Finding an anti-sweatshop strategy that works. Dissent , 56(3), 5-8. Smit, B. (2011). Trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation. the case of the Netherlands. Trends in Organized Crime , 14(2/3), 184-197. Farrell, D., Paron , A., & Reemes, J. (2005). Beyond cheap labor: Lessons for developing economies. McKinsey Quarterly , 1(1), 98-109. Powell, B. (2011). The end of cheap labor in china. Time , 177(26), 1-4. Arnold, D., and N. Bowie. 2003. â€Å"Sweatshops and Respect for Persons,† Business Ethics Quarterly 13(2): 221-42. Arnold, D., and P. Hartman. 2003. â€Å"Moral Imagination and the Future of Sweatshops,† Business and Society Review 108(4): 425-61. sweatshop. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved April 24, 2012, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sweatshop DOL. (2009, September). Wages and hours worked: Minimum wage and overtime pay. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/elaws/elg/minwage.htm Woolf, L. (2011). women and global human rights. Retrieved from http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/sweatshops.html Woolf, L. (2011). women and global human rights. Retrieved from http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/sweatshops.html Jilani, Z. (2011, July 13). Thinking progress. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2011/07/13/267520/nike-workers-humiliation/ Walters, S. (2012, February 4). Apple still shamed by china [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2096551/Apple-shamed-Chinas-iPod-sweatshops_ SIX-YEARS-expos.html

Accountings for manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Accountings for manager - Essay Example Financial statements are prepared with the intention of providing information that can be used by investors for taking decisions relating to investments. At the end of every financial year business concerns prepare Profit and Loss a/c and Balance Sheet.The P & L a/c reflects the result of the business operations for a period of time and balance sheet gives a summary of the assets and liabilities of a business undertaking on a particular date. However, these two statements fail to explain certain major transactions that take place during the year. Balance sheet is a statutory statement. It does not sharply focus on those major transactions that took place behind the balance sheet change. One can draw inferences from the balance sheet about major financial transactions, only after comparing the balance sheet of two accounting periods. Thus, it has to prepare a statement explaining the reason for change in financial position from one accounting period with another.A cash flow statement is a financial statement, which shows inflows and outflows of cash of a firm. It is a description of the sources and applications of funds in business activities during an accounting period. It gives explanations to changes in the balance sheet figures between two accounting periods. Thus, managers can easily understand the changes in cash position between two accounting periods. It is also known as statement of changes in financial position.... A cash equivalent is that investment which has the maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition. From the equity investments are normally excluded, unless they are in substance a cash equivalent (e.g. preferred shares acquired within three months of their specified redemption date). Bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand and which form an integral part of an enterprise's cash management are also included as a component of cash and cash equivalents. (Summary of International Financial Reporting Standards 2008). The main principles specified by IAS 7 for the preparation of cash flow statement are as follows: 1. Operating activities are the main revenue-producing activities of the enterprise. So operating cash flows include cash received from customers and cash paid to suppliers and employees [IAS 7.14]. 2. Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments that are not considered to be cash equivalents [IAS 7.6]. 3. Financing activities are activities that alter the equity capital and borrowing structure of the enterprise [IAS 7.6]. 4. Interest and dividends received and paid may be classified as operating, investing, or financing cash flows, provided that they are classified consistently from period to period [IAS 7.31]. 5. Cash flows arising from taxes on income are normally classified as operating, unless they can be specifically identified with financing or investing activities [IAS 7.35]. For operating cash flows, the direct method of presentation is encouraged, but the indirect method is acceptable [IAS 7.18]. (Summary of International Financial Reporting

The UK Business Tax System for Small Business Research Paper

The UK Business Tax System for Small Business - Research Paper Example No-return systems are clearly feasible: thirty-six countries--including Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and several other industrialized nations--use some form f no-return system for at least some f their taxpayers (U.S. General Accounting Office [GAO], 1996). Moving to a no-return system, however, has implications for both the administrative and structural features f the tax system. Our goal in this paper is to identify and provide information on some f the major trade-offs involved. In exact withholding systems, the tax agency makes every effort to withhold the exact amount f taxes so that no end-of-year filing, payment, or refund is needed. Thirty-four countries operate exact withholding systems. These systems require taxpayers to report some minimal, nonfinancial information to either employers or the tax authorities. (In the United States, this would likely consist f items such as name, address, social security number, filing status, name, and social security number f spouse and dependents.) The proportion f taxpayers who have to file varies by country. About 90 percent f taxpayers eligible for final withholding in the United Kingdom did not have to file in 1991. In Germany in 1986 and in Japan in 1988-90, the corresponding figures were 46 and 63 percent, respectively. Moreover, even among wage earners, exact withholding can be difficult to apply accurately to everyone. Withholding errors can occur when earnings come from more than one source or when the taxpayer changes jobs, retires, marries, divorces, or has a child. These issues indicate the important interaction between tax structure and tax administration. If these tax systems had been set up to tax only wages, and to tax at a flat rate with no allowances, deductions, exemptions, or credits, exact withholding would work accurately for virtually everyone. Tax Agency Reconciliation Taxpayers may be relieved f the burden f filing even in systems that do not generate exact withholding. In tax agency reconciliation (TAR) systems, taxpayers can elect to have the tax agency prepare their return. Under a TAR system, tax filing occurs in four steps. Interested taxpayers provide basic information to the tax authority. Because withholding does not have to be exact, TAR systems may not place as great a burden on employers and other payers as exact withholding systems. Moreover, it may be easier in a TAR system to apply a progressive tax rate structure to a combination f income derived from different sources.  Ã‚  

Importance of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Importance of Education - Essay Example Knowledge and self-discovery creates confidence in a person. Confidence is the first step toward success and therefore education leads to a successful life. Confidence improves one’s ability to make appropriate decision and therefore education enable a person to make decision (Capper 193). A person’s professional life is of great importance since it determines success in life. Through education, a person acquires knowledge and skills in a particular field. This essay will therefore discuss the importance of education in life. The essay will evaluate the importance of education in a person through decision-making ability, professional life, and job opportunities. Education makes people knowledgeable. However, it is difficult to measure a person’s knowledge through any direct method. To most people a knowledgeable person is a successful person. People will therefore measure the level of knowledge in a person in relation to the level of their success in life. The ca reer life of a person therefore becomes an important factor that determines the level of a person’s knowledge. People measure how successful a person is based on earnings. This implies that an educated person is a well-paid person. Education makes people to perfect their skills and knowledge in a particular field and this is what creates professionals. Currently we are living in a world of specialization. This implies that every person needs to a have some form of expertise or something better than everyone else does. The difference in success among different people proves the importance of being an expert or a professional in a particular field. Education provides people with the relevant knowledge required to make them experts in their field of specialization. Education is an accumulation process, through education a person accumulates knowledge on how things happen in a particular field. Professionalism therefore results from accumulation of knowledge in a particular field of specialization. Professionalism or level of specialization creates the difference between employed and unemployed people. The level of professionalism also determines the success of a person’s career. Professionalism therefore determines a person’s ability to perform a particular task. Becoming a professional or an expert in a particular field makes a person to have a better chance to get a well paying job and a good salary. In dairy interactions decisions and making conscious judgment is essential. The role of a person in the society is measured by his or her ability to make constructive decisions and sound judgment. There is no one particular person who want to become a redundant member of the society and therefore everyone strive to acquire some roles in the society. Education is therefore an essential of life since it enables a person to gain the ability to make informed choices and informed decisions (Capper 192). The level or ability of a person to make decis ions in life determines their success in life. People rely on this success when assigning roles to different people in the society. Education therefore enables a person to become a useful person in the society by enhancing decision making. Education is information and therefore an educated person is an informed person. Education gives a person the ability to focus on things and events on a broader way. This information enables a person to relate different cases when making an important decision in life. Through this relation, an educated person

Adidas Company in Sports Industry Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adidas Company in Sports Industry - Coursework Example To Adidas Company, putting too many efforts into the whole career thing and strict adhering to certain routines during life do not coincide with the overall expectations. Instead, the company is about passion and a belief that one should push own limits everywhere and all the times. It is sports as the foundation of everything that company does; it is about the redefining the benchmark for discovering and shaping the future; it is the fair play which creates the basis for company’s performance among similar businesses (Our expectations, 2015). All these considerations create the mission of Adidas Group as the company which strives to be the global leader in the provision of sports goods and the services of which are built on the passion for sports and a sporting lifestyle. Values of the company describe the desired culture, which are the promotion of sports as the foundation of all Adidas does, passion for constant moving, innovation and the improvement, the integrity approach based on such characteristics as honesty, openness, ethical and fair attitude toward others, and the understanding of the diversity of ideas, strengths and interests in building the company’s brands. At the same time, however, one should understand that vision and mission which are the visual part of the company’s strategy are different from the forces that embed innovation. According to (Dobni, 2010), innovation is premised on the market orientation, the creation of value and defining of the new opportunity space.

BLOGS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BLOGS - Essay Example Raci is faced by the challenge of having to take hormone shorts off the street, and at times this seem to affect her class attendances which seems to be worrying her professors. Another transgendered student is a Master candidate in Student administration at Michigan university who is faced by a challenge of having to one day make his family who considers her a female understand that she is a male. In episode five, he is faced by the challenge of getting romantically involved with another student (Simmons, 2005). Gabbie, a student pursuing Computer Science at the University of Colorado has to cope with the challenge of being the youngest candidate to undergo a gender reassignment surgery. Will he later be accepted by her family as being female and not male? It is evident in Episode five of the documentary, which not all of this transgendered and transsexual student have been accepted and loved in the single sex colleges that they opted to join. Just as in the YouTube video clip on lo ve and acceptance, single-sex colleges should handle such students with love and acceptance because they were created so by God. Therefore, to help them in their transition to being a male or a female, love and acceptance would suffice (TBCvideoATL, 2010). Lack of acceptance and love has made Lucas a Neurology Senior at the Smith College feels so alienated. The society, her family, and some of her college mates consider and see Lucas as a female, but she wants to liver her life as a male. Lucas is faced with a challenge of defending his thesis in Episode five of the Transgeneration documentary (Simmons, 2005). A transgendered or transsexual student would want to attend a single-sex college just as gay partners, or lesbians would want to attend the Tabernacle Baptist church – they want a place where they would feel loved and accepted. It is natural that attending a

The Puritan Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Puritan Dilemma - Essay Example the new colony, including several deaths and several colonists returning to England, the situation in the new world has changed dramatically and we have seen a great number of new settlers arrive and settle in our area. We have found a favorable place to settle with a beautiful harbor and enjoy a great deal of freedom in practicing our religion as we see fit. This is the greatest reason why one should choose to move to our colony even should it be necessary to practice some untruth to escape the oppressive nature of the kingdom by obtaining licensing to Virginia and then traveling to Massachusetts. Under Winthrop’s guidance, the colony has done very well. We had a good start thanks to Winthrop’s efforts in carefully selecting our founding colonists to be God-fearing men and women with a good variety of skills that would be helpful in the new world. Of the first 1000 settlers, we had coopers, sawyers, doctors, pastors and other skilled workers and planters as well as an enormous supply of provisions against our first few years of establishment. The first few struggles in which some of the colonists suffered illness and death and others left feeling the new world was not for them included the death of Winthrop’s son and the surprise of finding earlier settlers dispirited and starving upon our arrival. However, thanks to Winthrop’s guidance and planning, we were not concerned about survival within our first year of foundation and have even found a means of communicating amicably with our wild neighbors. It is one of the great dilemmas of our Puritan beliefs that we must often balance our decisions between life and God. Our excellent governor tells us to contemplate â€Å"the problem of doing right in a world that does wrong† (Morgan, 1998: 203). Winthrop tells us about his love for hunting which is to such an extent that he realizes he should not take such pleasure in it if he is to properly serve God. â€Å"Puritanism required that man refrain from

Analysis and Response Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis and Response - Movie Review Example But the desperate situations make him fight back. Remarkably, he wins over the enemies and destroys even one who betrayed him. Finally, in the climax he realizes that a drifter does not deserve a woman therefore; and leaving away his girl friend he walks towards the Club. Seijun Suzuki, a well known director of Japan introduced many techniques and tactics in this film, making it a significant one. The specific feature to be discussed and appreciated is the camera techniques. The film is the combination of black and white and color. Initially, the film received many compliments for the editing and different processes involved in image telecasting in unique style and in color. Color is rightly used at different occasions matching with the mood and situation. Most of the scenes are outstanding as color is appropriately applied. One such example for this technique is that the movie begins with black and white in color. And vibrant color is applied during the action sections, realizing th at vibrant images of action scenes evoke the emotion of the viewer. The particular fight scene shows the real anger and intensity of the fighter. Therefore, the story is clearly explained without any difficulty. Color is not just given priority at a violence scene but throughout the action scenes, understanding the real applicability of it. In addition, the editing of color gained many appreciations. Moreover many believed that color is the key factor for the success of the film in the box office. Of course, it deserves certain kind of worldwide recognition. Secondly, the music and sound technique play a vital in the movie. It is the well known fact that the music is an inevitable for the achievement of every film. Surprisingly, the movie Tokyo Drifter is an exemplary example for this. Techniques used behind the music and sound demand high value. Apart from this, the song sung by the actor has greater importance which was also introduced in the film. The music of Tokyo drifter is so mething unique in its presentation unlike other Japanese style of music. Every music piece is organized with the proper meaning, the situation of different feelings and melodious voice. Music is as soothing to the years and mind as one of the theme related song â€Å"Tokyo drifter song† clearly indicates it. As he sings the wordings â€Å"I’m a Drifter, the man from Tokyo’ a real feeling of circumstance is experienced. Therefore, such songs tell the story and attract the attention of everyone. Eventually, no matter one would come to a conclusion that a movie with ineffective music will have a negative impact on the overall success of the movie in the box office. The most significant filming technique of the film Tokyo Drifter is nothing but the very nature of storytelling. The style of storytelling is quite unconventional. Initially, a relevant theme is selected and organized with creative and innovative ideas. Unlike all other themes he rightly selected a soci al issue of gangs. Although the hero shows loyalty to the boss even after a defeat, the situations push him to a new world of wandering like monk leaving everything aside. Thereafter, he takes revenge on enemies, precisely not a revenge but can be rightly said a kind of survival tactics. Since the theme and activities undertaken are adventurous, the fight scenes gained its right rhythm. The most significant part of the storytelling is the unusual and unexpected ending of the film. Such kind of climax and

Conspiracy Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conspiracy Theories - Research Paper Example .. but the unfortunate and the most distracting part is when the media starts to give such petty issues great coverage and significance which has not been to date done by any eminent politicians or commentators. Although the formal coverage that is ongoing to date has randomly sought to marginalize these attention seeking conspiracy-mongers, the problem arises when such false myths gain severe popularity. People start to believe them as undue publicity is done so as to increase their ratings. First conspiracy was when a man who was near the school hiding in the bushes was caught as a shooter but soon after it was evaluated that the he was a cop from the other town on a day off. Then a man who was running around was arrested later it was determined that it was Manfredonia looking for his six year old daughter. Then there was this other conspiracy whether Lanza used a short gun or an assault rifle which could not be determined as both are quite similar to each other. Another conspiracy was whether Ryan Lanza the actual killer instead of Adam Lanza who was the killer. Ryan was suspected as the killer but then it was reported that he was at his place during the shooting and his brother as they did not live together was carrying his old identity card. Another conspiracy was about Rosen whose house is near the school and the kids who ran there took refuge there. The conspiracy lies why he informed the police late although the reason might be that he did not believe the children till he verified the news. Emile Parker who was also a victim was because her resemblance with her sister who had pictures with the president. They mistook her for being her younger sister and charged conspiracies against her. Lastly there was this conspiracy that the parents of the children who lost their lives during the shooting seem to be very happy during interviews like they were paid actors working for the government. "In the aftermath of the massacre at Sandy Hook elementary school in Newtown, Conn., President Obama has moved to strengthen America's gun laws, and public opinion has  swung significantly in support of stricter gun control." (The week magazine) The fire to this issue was enlightened when: CNN’s famous Anderson Cooper, for example, has given about two segments  of his show to denounce James Tracy who is a professor at Florida Atlantic University. He has sought to question the alleged media reports intriguing about what precisely happened that day. Much staged coopers act is justified by the report that Tracy is working as a professor at a public university. According to him Tracy has been a tenured professor at a respectable university therefore he's paying heed to his judgment otherwise he would not have popularized such remarks. Tracy himself is still a very blur figure with no such importance and limelight. His filthy views do not even require much attention. Sadly, Tracy stroke when the iron was hot and taking advantage of the situatio n and grabbing the opportunity efficient denounced at theory in air. According to James Tracy, the shooting that had happened at the Sandy Hook School had a

Toyota Logistics Essay Example for Free

Toyota Logistics Essay Logistics and facility costs incurred within a supply chain change as the number of facilities, their location, and capacity allocation is changed. Companies must consider inventory, transportation, and facility costs when designing their supply chain networks. Inventory and facility costs increase as the number of facilities in a supply chain increase. Transportation costs decrease as the number of facilities is increased. If the number of facilities increases to a point where inbound. Economies of scale are lost, then transportation cost increase. The goal when designing a supply chain network is to maximize the firms profits while satisfying customer needs in terms of demand and responsiveness. Toyota cares are priced differently in different country. Car cost remain the same across the world but the tax and transportation cost differ in different country. Toyota need to minimize their transportation cost by efficient plant. They have joint venture in India, they have also have plant in Thailand and Indonesia. They don’t need this all three plant, this plants increasing their cost. As this countries distance are less and transportation facilities are good. They can build a plant in India and shutdown the others. Toyota can shut down their plant in Portugal, they can cover that country from Frances plant. Toyota can cover Mexico and Brazil market by holding their plant in Colombo. Colombo is middle of this two country, and Mexico don’t need any plant, the plant of USA can easily transport the products and Brazil or Portugal any one from this two country can shutdown and remain the other.

Why Many Projects Fail At Rural Areas Construction Essay

Why Many Projects Fail At Rural Areas Construction Essay The construction industry is regarded as one of major indicators of the countrys economy, especially for developing countries. Periods of prosperity are usually associated with a large volume of construction activity, yet the rate of construction project failures is unacceptably high. 2. Abstract Purpose investigation into the cause of construction projects failure in rural areas, the research has been working at Kwazulu Natal (KZN) Province. The is research going to look at poor management, poor planning, lack of proper skill and cost overspend which is a merger problem to all construction Industry special to developed and developing countries. The purpose of this research is to find the factors enforce cost overspending to the construction industry which is affect south Africa economy. Literature reviews- Survey, curried out challenges through interviews of 2 Local Municipalities in rural areas, projects managers, project planners and also look at the budget were allocated for projects in rural and also conducted interview to the relevant stakeholders, through different news paper, through internet so that can be able to access the opinions of other people and get some literature books, the information will reveal proper equipments that is good for rural condition and it will come out with solution regards project failure. Findings research will be assist the government and other stakeholders to achieve good production in rural development, Analysis of theory via literature review would be aimed at finding answers to the question regarding the essential elements of project failure in rural developments and interview would be recorded with the permission of the interviewees. Internet would be the preferred method of obtaining precedents. We as consultant employed by government to identify the problem and find the solution so that we can give advice to government we undertake the research up to the ends. Ever since the research is on process to reach all the goals regards project failure in KZN special in rural areas. Conclusion-The consultant that will undertake studies concerning the cause and factors that influence to project in rural areas, were reliable because has found from construction Industry. As a consultant I will do my best to keep client happy and respect all stakeholders and would resolve the issue, if government and other stakeholders improve the standard too and ensure that all the work that carry out by Municipalities at rural has to be done effectively and efficiently. 3. Introduction Background of the study Many challenges in construction industry throughout the country are presented by different Personalities, financial limitations, time and scheduling, technical barriers, development work faces issues that are unique to the developing country. These problems may be present in country but due to inherent characteristics of developing, these issues are exacerbated and pose even larger challenges in development work. Throughout the developing people suffer due inadequate or failing of infrastructure. Infrastructure which are houses, roads, school and bridges, is the physical foundation on which development efforts and improved living standard are established. The construction industry in developing countries states that the construction industry is an essential contributor to the process of development, influencing nearly every sector of the economy. Improving the capacity and capabilities of the construction industry in developing countries is a critical step to improving infrastructure development that is over looked. (Kraig Lothe). According Kraig Lothe; South Africa is developing country and there have big demand of infrastructure for the people of the country special those who stay in rural areas to improve lives and reduce homeless people. People are still suffering in rural areas due to the problem of project failure which cost government alot of money without a change that was a reason of such research Attempts have been made to identify critical factors that lead to project failure in the relevant collected works; however the causes of project failure in South Africa are not well known or documented especially the degree to which project consultants contribute to this failure. The construction projects, however, fail at a shocking rate international more than 50% by some estimates. The South Africa construction industry, which is generally considered to be dysfunctional, is no exception with many stakeholders in the construction process concluding, although not necessarily to the same degree, that project failure is rampant. A research will go to identify the causes of project failure especially in rural area. 4. Statement of the problem Infrastructure throughout the developing country consistently falls into disrepair. The project are not built to the same level of quality expected industry national and in many instances the local Municipalities in KZN do not have the capacity or desire to implements the project. This occurs because projects are initiated from the top, down, paying little attention to the needs and capacity of the local Municipalities. Difficulties that projects manages experience during the planning stage of a projects, need to look at insufficient propel skill in the construction industry that were used in rural projects. It is clear that this project lacked key elements in its design and implementation. A successful project is flexible and able to adapt to various contexts and still maintain Monitoring and evaluation of project progress through indicators is always necessary, especially in rural areas. In terms of implementation, project officers working on the ground, especially in extreme situa tions like current in KZN, should have some overseas experience and background information before arriving. Context where national institution cannot be relay on similarly, alternative methods of keeping track of finances needed to be developed in the context of a cash-only local economy. 5. The aim This study aims to examine the service delivery in rural areas, and to come up with a solution of finding a better way of project delivery in rural areas at KZN. 6. Objective of the study The objectives of study are to: ? Is to find the cause of project failure in rural areas ? Is to check the capacity of local Municipality to manage themselves their project. ? The need of proper skill in construction industry ? To emphases quality work in construction industry. 7. Research questions The study will be guided by the following research questions: ? What causing construction projects to fail in rural? ? Why local Municipality fail to rectify soon a problem of poor project delivery in rural? ? How could improve construction industry in rural areas? ? Which purposes does the research would achieve regards construction project in rural? 8. Research design As defined by the Construction Specifications institute (CSI), project delivery is the contractual relationships between the owner, designer, contractor(s), and the management services utilized to design and construct a project (CSI, 2005). Project delivery is the framework used to take a project from its initiation stage to completion. The most common delivery systems used today in the developed country are design-bid-build, design-build and construction management (Arditi et al., 2002). In the developing country, engineers have only recently been introduced to different project delivery systems. Before this, the contractors acted as master builders coordinating everything from start to finish. This master builder system leaves no gaps between participants and uses a simple contractual agreement. Unfortunately, the system can no longer be implemented effectively as modern construction has become too complex. There is a large separation of knowledge and responsibility between the design and construction phases. This causes major problems in both the design and construction. Designers do not have practical construction experience so local knowledge and construction techniques are not taken into account during the design, causing unreasonable expectations and inadequate specifications. The skill levels and knowledge of the contractors vary greatly. Designers also complain that they have to over compensate for the expected lack of skill in operations and maintenance (Davis and Brikke, 1995), but this is exactly what is needed to design for sustainability. According Arditi information that is a reality, system have to follow to all project in order to minimize the problems and because project includes many parties need to be involve and satisfied with process, the project manager have to play a big role to make all parties happy and project could be smooth. 9. Literature Survey Conducting an interviews with the different Municipalities and Transport in rural areas that are affected by the issue of project failure in construction industry. They are serious factors that are influencing construction project which are uncoordet building environment professionals, collection of data, poor user input, poor project design and leadership; design and construction problems; and inappropriate staff skills; unrealistic timescales and cost estimation; poor selection of building procurement methods; failure to plan and lack of pre-project planning, and researching information on people who were specialist in the construction industry namely: architect, quantity surveyor, project manager, and structural engineer that are play a leading role in the development team. 10. Methodology Interview conducted through emails and telephonically with two municipalities which is Jozini and Umvoti. Jozini is local Municipality in rural area which is in North Coast of Kwazulu Natal at 125km towards the bonder of Mozambique and 78km towards the bonder of Swaziland, that municipality is under UMkhanyakude district Municipality. Jozini municipality is on struggle to push service delivery at rural area. Interview conducted with the Technical director regarding challenges that led to construction project to fail explain the following issue: Housing project Municipality has been experiencing a lot of challenges to housing project that was allocated to Kwajobe Area under Jobe Traditional Authority, as a rural insitu upgrade, project has been finish on 2008 June but there were many defects that need to be attend such as , floor cracks, wall cracks, roof took off by storm. The beneficiaries were unhappy at all about houses that were built; therefore municipality got a challenge to rectify those houses because consultants who were project manager have overspending the cost. And he added that there is a current insitu upgrade housing project that allocated Emakhonyeni area is still in planning stage for 4yrs, consultant report many difficulties that might cause project fail. The Municipality which has influence over the Munyeni Traditional Council area has forwarded a request for the approval of 1000 rural subsidies, for this project. Due to the limited capacity of the Municipality, an Implementing Agent has been appointed to undertake the housing development. The submission for stage 1(beginning of the planning process) was approved by the MEC of Human Settlements on 02 March 2010, since then there is no progress and consultant declared to municipality that they fails to undertaking the project to other stage. According Jozini municipality they employed Implementing Agents that were not qualified to do work in order such big project because in the rural areas need advance equipment to reach even a place that are not easily to reach. There is a big challenge facing rural areas even also government tried to developed relevant skilled people in order to fight against the insufficient of unskillful people in rural. Road construction Jozini Municipality plan to networking of the road comprises a hierarchical network of roads, being Primary, District and Local roads. The Jozini Municipality aims to develop a road network that will service all its communities and people to ensure that they need not walk more than 5 km to reach a Primary road or District road. This objective is already realized for some areas in the municipality area the runs. The condition of gravel roads are deteriorating rapidly and maintenance there to appear to be inadequate and roads often become impossible in wet conditions. The maintenance of these roads are a dedicated responsibility of the Department of Transport. An assessment of the location of the proposed development nodes have indicated an adequate all weather access to each of these. The nodes are further located on bus routes, which enhances the development potential thereof. The development nodes identified are located on district roads. The challenges regarding roads construction era equipment that were not easily to found because its cost lot of money here and transport it, as the result company s were failed to keep it until project would be over. The Road is 17 km from Jozini village to Makhathini flats and supposed to take one and half year to constructed but seems as it will take 6 years, still there is lot of work to be done. Municipality has been changing contractors to do something. There is a road from uMbombo to Mbazwane that road connecting uMbombo hospital and Mseleni hospital minister of transport at KNZ had approved the project in 2009 August and the contractor has been employed since then there is no visible progress regarding the project. The maintenance of these roads is a dedicated responsibility of the Department of Transport. . Proposed Transport Facilities In order to enhance the public transport facilities, it is proposed that taxi/bus stops be introduced at current locations two types of facilities are foreseen, namely: Major taxi/bus facilities which will comprise formal paved areas with passenger waiting facilities, the last mentioned which will be roofed. This will normally be served by existing shops and post boxes. This facility can be enhanced by formalized institutional facilities in the form of clinics, tribal courts and pension payout points. Minor taxi/bus facilities which will be only mark stall facilities and passenger waiting facilities. Provincial Roads As indicated above, the provincial roads have merely been provided as guidance as this has no effects on the analysis. The majorities of the provincial roads, being specifically the P and D roads, are of reasonable standard and frequently maintained by the authorities. The L and A roads are generally of inferior quality and only portions thereof are maintained by the authorities, and not on a Regular basis. Municipal Roads The municipal roads have been identified as those roads which serve at least 10 households as Secondary roads and 20 households as primary roads, whilst the household access roads predominantly will serves individuals household. Arising from aforementioned, the cost to establish the household access roads appears to be fairly prohibitive and should be prioritized only after the municipal rural roads have been established and after a maintenance budget have been affected therefore. The condition of the rural roads was assessed during in loco inspections. The condition could be classified according to the following norms: Surfaced roads, being those that have been formally constructed and provided with an all weather surface. Gravel roads, being those that had formally been shaped and provided with a gravel surface. Dirt roads, being those that were merely formed through blading. Tracks, being those formed through use of only vehicles. The majority of the municipal roads in existence were classified as dirty roads, being those which had merely been bladed, with no formal gravel surface or storm water drainage. These however still provide access to homesteads. Operations and Maintenance The provision and maintenance of roads is a dedicated responsibility of the Department of Transport. The said Department has established Road Transportation Forums, which prioritize the provision thereof in terms of the needs expressed by the community. This includes the provision of river crossings and bridges. Umvoti Municipality is a Category B municipality and is one of the four local municipalities within Umzinyathi District.Greytown,the main centre is situated approximately 65km from Pietermaritzburg and 100km from Stanger, and includes the town of Kranskop (refer to Map 1). It is about 2509km in extent and its population is estimated between 92 419 people and 117 000 people who are spread unevenly among the eleven municipal wards. It is located on the southern part of UMzinyathi District, and borders onto uMgungundlovu District to the south, Mshwathi Local Municipality, and largely falls within the Pietermaritzburg functional economic region. The parts of the municipality that borders onto King Shaka District enjoy the influence of Stanger-KwaDukuza economic region. Umvoti Local Municipality is well integrated into the Provincial transportation network. Route 33 MAP 1: LOCALITY MAP Umvoti serves as a major link between Greytown and Dundee while R74 connects the urban centre of Greytown, Kranskop and is the largest of four Municipalities, in terms of area, in the UMzinyathi District. Umvoti local municipality has been challenged both housing and road although that municipality has advantage of big road passing through which is R74, but they challenged to the access road and bridges that connect communities. According municipal official those access road have been identified and also bridges were approved because of the different challenges since then no bridges been constructed. Housing project have a big problem because Umvoti municipality surrounded by privates property that is not easy to develop, like one project is called Muden housing project that was given CHS developments as Implementing Agent. Muden housing project has been takes more five years still in the planning stage1. The cause of the matter is property that owners not by ingonyama trust as policy state that rural project was awarded only people who live under ingonyama trust land or property. CHS Developments still waiting approval for a proposal to use a property as Implementing Agent . Consultants Interview conducted with some of project managers regarding project failure in rural areas which is a big problem that affects people who are living at rural. There number of issue mention which is a policy, shortage of equipments, skill challenge, material, political leadership. 1. Policy that government had been set as guide lines of how to implements a project, sometime makes things to be more difficult end up cause many problems, eg a stage1 application its take time to approve and it s process usually been very slow than expected. 2. The shortage of equipments mentioned as a major problem in construction actually is not a rural areas problem only even at urban areas is a common problem but that s worse in rural areas. The project has been stack if is difficult to find relevant equipment. 3. The construction industry has a big challenge in term of people who have skill because most of them got relevant qualification with very poorer performance in practical work, as the results project fail to met the construction standard will end up fails. 4. The most problem in rural areas is material that s not easy to find it due the smaller stock in hardwires shop, even if you please order will takes long time to receive it, that one cause lot of delays end up whole project fail. 5. Political leadership sometimes cause lot of confusion in the project when they made unnecessary decision without observing the policy that should follow to runs a project. What causing construction projects to fail in rural? The budget that allocated for the projects in rural might be not enough amounts to compared with work to be done. The Consultants spend long time to prepare the projects and to implementation of it, material require according to the specifications is not easily to find at rural areas, equipment to be use are not found because due to the area condition need the advance machine so to be able to reach even the steep slope and unaccesseble sites. The main challenge projects were failing to reach the quality standard of construction industry. Many challenges in construction projects throughout the country are presented by different personalities, financial limitations, time and scheduling, technical barriers, and various surprises of difficulties. Development work faces issues that are unique to the developing country. These problems may be present in industrialized national but due to inherent characteristics of developing country, these issues are exacerbated and pose even larger challenges in development work. The municipality employed unqualified consultant as the results there is no progress. Cost/ benefits Travelling expenses in conducting the interviews to the different of Municipality and Department of Public Work Transport at rural areas, I have been get newspaper articles and using internet cafes to get more information and even makes number of calls. Impact 5. Advantages and Disadvantages Rural area have still challenged with A problem with the apolitical approach is that it is not apolitical. In addition to including an academic perspective to appreciate context, it is also important to include political perspectives to avoid unintentionally or indirectly causing harm in a situation. Any astute observer may wonder, if development projects without Multidisciplinary collaborations, as they are most often designed and implemented, have not produced positive results then are it possible that the good intentions have produced negative results? There are countless ways in which external interventions can thwart the internal development of a community or a nation and in some cases, fuel violence and corruption and contribute to the degradation of existing structures and systems. Why local Municipality fail to rectify a problem of poor delivery in rural? Projects also fail because they do not meet user requirements and are full of assumptions that give rise to conflict. Architect sometime get their briefs from people who are not regular users of the building or do not know the specific requirements of the building. Informed end users must give meaningful input during every phase of the briefing, design and construction. Some of projects are finally cancelled simply because people did not like each other. Others fail because the design team did not know or did not bother to find out who the real stakeholders are or whether they were going to support it. Parties also tend to rigidly defend their positions. 7. Model processing The rural project process in different system unlike unban project is severely fragmented and there appears to several barriers to development, particularly that of parties tending to rigidly defend their own turfs. The property development requires a combination of specialist, traditionally organized into a district occupation groups. According to Hindle (1996), the differences among the specialist consultants involved in a project are emphasized with the results that major discontinuities are created by the focus on function rather than process. For project success these professionals should not act in isolation but a well defined and closely knit network. 8. Model Output The outcome of the construction project in the context of its relevant solution system. The planners and designers of a construction project team, irrespective of the number of members, contribute the cognitive complexity mentioned, inadequate management knowledge and systems. One needs to identify the root causes of systems failures and to select and implement effective measures .Needs to adopt the basic principle of systems thinking can increase the prospects of project success. Definition of terms For the purpose of this study the following definitions apply Projects in rural areas Construction Construction is a risk-driven, multi-dimensional process; it is a series of interdependent steps, each requiring specific technical knowledge and participants working together. In the developing country, construction employs techniques, materials and expertise that make perfect use of available resources and expertise, while others compromise the integrity of the final product. Material delays, misunderstandings, and discrepancies in design are a few common problems that prevent projects from being completed successfully, on time. Every party in the project must work together in a coordinated effort because tasks are interdependent. If one person fails, so may the entire project. The following are some of the most common problems encountered during the construction, sometime Municipality facing a difficulties to find a good project manager as the results project fails to manage propel. The rural projects include many parties such as community, traditional leadership work together with Municipality and other stockholders, usually the common project in rural such as housing, schools roads working. Material Procurement Material procurement in developing countries require significant pre-planning due to road conditions, scarcity of transportation, and inconsistency of suppliers. Many sites are remote and are accessed by small 4-wheel drive vehicles, horse, and in some cases only by foot. Roads are also often washed out and thus prevent any vehicles from passing. For example, gravel, sand and aggregate are taken from local river beds. Often rivers swell, access to the river beds becomes impossible, and aggregate cannot be obtained. Local materials should be ordered early to prevent delays Project in Urban areas In many countries administration was the capital city and all development was focused on the capital city with infrastructure such as transport (road, rail, and air) concentrated around the capitals. The urban areas are the centre for economic growth and offer employment opportunities not found in the rural areas. Worldwide there is a drift towards the urban areas creating strains on the infrastructures and administration of these areas. At some time the rural areas are usually poorly serviced and sup-ported. (Peter Utting) According Proff. Peter Utting is agreed that many countries included South Africa did what others do. Focus is in big towns such as Johannesburg, Durban, Middleburg and Cape Town whereas the rural areas are in need of infrastructure. Structure of the report The project deals with the investigate the cause leads construction project fail in rural areas. The whole structure of the report have set as follows: Introduction/background, statement of the problem, the aim, objective of the study, research question, research design, literature survey, methodology, definition of terms, and conclusion. Construction Management The construction management project delivery system introduces professional management throughout the project acting as an agent of the owner. Owner has separate contracts with the contractor, designer, and construction manager. The role of construction manager as an agent of the owner does not bear any financial risk. The construction manager works closely with the designer and contractor during the design and construction phases in the best interest of the owner. The construction management entity has expertise in construction and allows the owner to execute complex projects which require extensive coordination between project participants The construction manager s expertise and involvement improves efficiency of even the most complex projects by minimizing rework, change orders, and cost overruns. The construction manager advises the owner in the design and construction stage allowing the owner have influence throughout the project. This involvement facilitates constructability, Integrating construction knowledge during the design phase. The construction manager oversees Design implementation during construction, often diminishing the designer s role in construction, but the involvement of the designer in construction differs in each project. In expensive, complex projects the extra cost of hiring a construction manager is offset by avoiding general contracting fees, savings in cost management, and the reduction of cost overruns. There is no delivery approach that is best in every situation. These three systems are the basic frameworks used in most projects. From each of these frameworks many variations and hybrids have evolved and been implemented. Projects may be adapted in any way that may aid in the project delivery and utilize the strengths of all project participants. The best project delivery system will address each of the project s unique needs and characteristics. Conclusion In conclusion this study identifies the needs of infrastructure and determines the challenges that municipalities are facing when are searching for information. Construction managers provide valuable construction expertise during design in the construction management delivery system. Acting in this role, development agencies need to involve construction personnel in design. Development agencies can either staff a contractor or hire contractors during the design to gain construction knowledge early. As involving potential contractors in the detailed design phase also provides continuity of construction personnel between the design and construction. If the contractor is involved early he can express his needs and learn those of the other participants. Through partnering, the parties can understand each other s needs and common goals can be created. However, the owner s goal of a cost-effective project may conflict with the contractor s profit motive. Incorporating these changes into typical project delivery is a viable way to address constructability issues in Honduras. The changes are small and affordable, effectively improving sustainability. Based on the research outlined in this report, shows a proposed delivery system for development work aimed to maximize community participation and involve a contractor in the design. While we have not tried to argue that multidisciplinary collaborations are the key to radically changing the development in rural, the cases presented do demonstrate that the lack of multidisciplinary collaborations does have a negative impact and does contribute to the failure of many development projects in rural area. More specifically, we have found that without consulting people, information and/or other resources from other sectors: I. Planners fail to fully understand the complexity of contexts; II. Planners gravitate towards grandiose, general, sectarian and superficial solutions rather than holistic and strategic ones; III. Planners, in their developme